News

Can a Missing Enzyme Explain Addiction?

Posted on by Christy Weeks

News related to painkiller addiction and opioid overdoses has increased over the past decade alongside the rate of addiction with few tell all explanations as to why. Also mysterious is the rate of relapse among those addicted to opiates compared to other drugs. Painkillers are killing people at an alarming rate and more people are getting hooked everyday. According to the Partnership for a Drug Free America, there are 2,500 teens in the US who try prescription drugs to get high for the first time each day. Many become easily addicted after they experiment with painkillers. A new study published this week by Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science in Los Angeles sheds some light on why painkiller addiction may be so hard to kick for some.

The study suggests that a missing brain enzyme makes some people more susceptible to opioid addiction than others. Researchers removed the enzyme called prohormone convertase 2 (PC2) in mice. This enzyme activates otherwise dormant hormones in the brain and these hormones were found to increase after long-term treatment of morphine. When researchers removed this enzyme, concentrations of the opioid receptors increased in the brain regions related to addiction. When this enzyme is present it regulates the addiction response to opioids in the brain. Although these were preliminary studies, researchers like Theodore C. Friedman, MD, PhD who conducted the study will follow up with similar studies in the near future.

While this study may serve as a partial explanation as to how addiction to opiates occurs, it doesn’t answer why the rate of addiction has reached epidemic levels over the last decade. Many say that the access to painkillers is why addiction rates are so high. A study by Richard Miech, Ph.D. of the University of Colorado Denver explains, “From 1997 to today, legal prescriptions for painkillers increased from 20 million to 160 million a year – a fourfold increase.” Greater access combined with other explanations – like the missing PC2 enzyme – answers some the questions concerning the national epidemic. However, as with many aspects related to addiction the “why” or “how” is often elusive. While people search for explanations, addiction treatment and recovery is most important and works without knowing all the facts about why and how people became addicted in the first place.

If you are concerned about opiate abuse, our young adult and adult addiction programs at Harmony Foundation help people recover from painkiller addiction.

Matthew Perry Opens Malibu Sober Home for Men

Posted on by Christy Weeks

Awhile back we blogged about how Russell Brand was turning his home into a yoga studio, now the word is that Matthew Perry is turning his Malibu mansion into a sober living home for addicts and alcoholics in recovery. Perry has been sober since 2009 and is now strong in his recovery after years riddled with addiction treatment and relapse – which was very much in the public eye.

He has recently joined forces for good with Earl Hightower, the well known interventionist and addiction specialist. Hightower has said that the most challenging part of recovery and gap in addiction services is the 60 days that follow inpatient treatment. Harmony Foundation also recognized this problem and has developed a strong aftercare program – including our mobile phone app to assist alumni in their recovery process.

Together Perry and Hightower are turning Perry’s former Malibu home that he still owns into a sober living home for men. Perry shares Hightower’s belief that there needs to be more recovery support following treatment and says, “If you’re thrown from treatment to the outside world, sometimes it’s too bumpy.” On his relapses after treatment in 1997 and 2001, Perry said, “ I was a sick guy” which is what sparked his initiation of creating the sober residence with Hightower.

In recognition of their efforts, the Office of National Drug Control Policy honored them with the Champion of Recovery Award, to which Perry jokes “now we are award winning alcoholics.” And it is good they were rewarded for their efforts, but much of the reward comes from the satisfaction of being of service to others. Addiction treatment professionals say that helping others after getting sober can help reduce the propensity for relapse. It also helps more people become sober today as those in recovery are taught to give back what was given to them when they first sought help from fellows in recovery.

More Binge Drinking Among Young Women

Posted on by Christy Weeks
rehab college students
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When you think of binge drinking, usually fraternity houses come to mind – or a scene from Animal House. Surprisingly, binge drinking is increasingly more common among college age woman than their male counterparts.

According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) men should drink a max of 14 drinks per week and only 4 drinks per day and woman should drink a max of 7 drinks per week and no more than 3 per day. A study by Harvard Medical School concluded that women were going above and beyond these recommended limits more so than men.

The study looked at 992 students comprised of 417 men and 575 women and asked them to confidentially report their daily drinking habits 2 times a week during the first year of college. According to the reports, women exceeded their alcohol limit more than men. Already, women have higher risks associated with drinking because they experience alcohol related health problems at lower levels of alcohol than men do. These risks are why NIAA recommends the weekly limit of 7 drinks a week for women to reduce their risk of breast cancer, liver disease and other significant health risks. 

Harvard was not the first to report the higher levels of binge drinking among women, as the CDC issued an article this year saying that binge drinking among women can start as early as high school and the problem is under recognized. Sociological explanations for the higher incidence of binge drinking among women are many but none are a tell all. Some theories include greater susceptibility to emotional and academic stress, more pressure to fit in and trying to “keep up” with their male counterparts when out drinking. Another explanation may just be that college kids drink a lot. Many reduce their consumption once they leave college, while others begin to experience problems and signs of alcoholism while in college. Some of these signs include having social relationships affected by consumption or a reduction of academic performance – like not showing up to class – because of binge drinking.

Luckily addiction treatment centers are responding to the problem of college drinking – not just among females but both male and female young adults by creating specialized treatment tracks for college students. Also many college campuses are offering 12 step meetings and support groups for those who have problems with drugs and alcohol.

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Colorado universities are known to be “party schools”and sometimes drinking and drug use can quickly turn into an addiction. If you are concerned about your alcohol or drug use, Harmony Foundation in Estes Park, CO has an addiction rehab track for college students to help those in the grips of addiction to drugs or alcohol.

Incomprehensible Demoralization from Alcohol Abuse

Posted on by Christy Weeks

There is a common phrase thrown around by those in recovery from drug and alcohol abuse that describes a sentiment while they were using: incomprehensible demoralization. While this phrase is applied to thousands of diverse stories and situations, the feeling is the same. Most in recovery can attest to their moments of incomprehensible demoralization.

Recently this sentiment was in the public eye with news stories about people getting drunk, doing very regretful things and woefully apologizing afterwards. Some of the things they did while intoxicated disrupted their careers and reputations with a swift and lasting effect that only serves to reinforce the sentiment of incomprehensible demoralization.

The first popular story occurred about a month ago when Reese Witherspoon’s husband got pulled over for drunk driving in Atlanta. Reese was caught on camera on the side of the road talking back to the police. In an aggressive and boastful tone she asked and asserted, “you don’t need to know my name?!….Well, you are about to find out who I am!” She acted as if being famous exempted her from being treated normally – or in her case – handcuffed and arrested.

Overnight her reputation went from being the sweet girl next door to being egotistically irresponsible and rude. Days later she publically apologized and soberly knew that the police were “just doing their job.” The harsh reality is that what she did while drunk had no bearing on who she really is as a person. It is because of regretful drunk actions like this that people experience demoralization. Often what people do while drunk is far different what their normal selves would dictate – which consequently is also a telltale sign of a problem with alcohol.

In another incident last week, an Eco-Tourism Field Guide named Brian Masters, who had dedicated his education and life to garner that line of work, lost his job. This happened after a video went viral of him charging at an elephant while drunk as his friends recorded him. Now “the guide involved in the confrontation is no longer employed by Singita and further disciplinary procedures are in progress with regard to others involved,” according to a post on the group’s Facebook page. Singita describes the video as “disturbing,” and say the elephant was “extremely agitated by the confrontation and retreated into the bush.”

In response to the event, Masters said “I admit full responsibility for the actions and am deeply, deeply remorseful…There has been a lot of baying for blood and a campaign to name and shame so here I am. I am so sorry this happened and I wish I could undo the stupidity of the act but I can’t; all I can do is apologize and hope people can see the sincerity I am trying to convey.” As aforementioned, although others may not relate to the story specifically, the sentiment is exactly the same. In short, Witherspoon and Masters likely feel the same exact way about themselves although their stories bear no resemblance.

These incidents depicted in the videos below show the destruction that even one night of alcohol abuse can cause. They show how character-changing alcohol can be and how it can cause deep regret. Luckily the demoralization eventually fades, especially after a sound apology as they have made and self forgiveness kicks in.

Is the DSM V Diagnosing Addiction Right?

Posted on by Christy Weeks

What has long been considered the go-to resource for diagnosing mental and addictive disorders, has been recently critiqued by Dr. Thomas R. Insel, the Director of the National Institute of Mental Health.

Dr. Insel is considered an expert in the field of mental health disorders and says that the Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) doesn’t account for important diagnostic tools such as the role of biology, neuroscience and genetics. Currently, the DSM looks at symptoms as the driving criteria to diagnose patients for mental and addictive disorders. For example, the critera for substance dependence is:

1.Tolerance, as defined by either of the following: (a) A need for markedly increased amounts of the substance to achieve intoxication or the desired effect or (b) Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of the substance.

2.Withdrawal, as manifested by either of the following: (a) The characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance or (b) The same (or closely related) substance is taken to relieve or avoid withdrawal symptoms.

3.The substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended.

4.There is a persistent desire or unsuccessful efforts to cut down or control substance use.

5.A great deal of time is spent in activities necessary to obtain the substance, use the substance, or recover from its effects.

6.Important social, occupational, or recreational activities are given up or reduced because of substance use.

7.The substance use is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent physical or psychological problem that is likely to have been caused or exacerbated by the substance (for example, current cocaine use despite recognition of cocaine-induced depression or continued drinking despite recognition that an ulcer was made worse by alcohol consumption).

If someone has experienced 3 of these critera within the same 12 month period, they are diagnosed with substance dependence. According to Dr. Steven E Hyman, former Director of the National Institute of Mental Health, the DSM “chose a model in which all psychiatric illnesses were represented as categories discontinuous with ‘normal.’” Hyman explains that this caused a scientific dilemma because those who qualify for one diagnosis qualify for five by default but don’t actually have five diseases. Both Dr. Insel and Hyman explain that patients have an underlying condition that causes the symptoms. Therefore, the lens through which we look at patients and research should be through the overall condition rather than just the symptoms.

Dr. Insel asserts that the DSM created in the 1960s and 10970s is outdated and “As long as the research community takes the D.S.M. to be a bible, we’ll never make progress,” because people think everything has to match the criteria. He explains that biology doesn’t follow the rigid criteria of the DSM and we should look at the causes and condition. For example, over the past 40 years neuroscience has shown that genetic abnormalities can put people at risk for addiction, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The drugs created for disorders like bipolar disorder show nothing about the causes of the disorder and therefore drug makers have no goal for drug development that targets the problem before it manifests. Dr. Hyman, Insel and other experts would like the current direction of cancer research, such as characterizing it by genetic and molecular signatures, to serve as a model for the direction of mental health research.

With the newest DSM since 1994 set to come out in a few weeks, practitioners say it shouldn’t be disregarded entirely. It is still the primary tool available to diagnose disorders, but those like Dr. Insel and Hyman say that while using it, keep in mind that it doesn’t reflect the entire picture of the disorder – namely the causes of the condition – and it should not guide research.

Swedes Created Breathalyzer that Detects Drugs

Posted on by Christy Weeks

A recent advancement in the technology used for Breathalyzers may benefit the state of Colorado in preventing substance abuse related accidents. Colorado has seen its fair share of drunk driving and the recent passing of Amendment 64 has made people question the safety and legality of drivers under the influence of marijuana.

Apparently Switzerland has a high rate of substance related accidents as well, which promoted them to create a new device that can detect 12 different substances including the most commonly abused drugs such as marijuana, morphine, crystal meth, cocaine and heroin. Currently the process and enforcement mechanisms behind testing drivers for drugs other than alcohol have been limited at best. Testing for substances require blood and urine samples – which police can’t conduct roadside.

The Swedish designed Breathalyzer was tested on 47 patients in an addiction clinic and was able to detect drugs with an accuracy rate of 87% – which is in line with the accuracy rate of most urine and blood tests. One drawback of the device is that it was able to pick up on the use of substances 24 hours after they were reportedly used. Therefore the level of substances and determination if one is “under the influence” at the time they are suspected cannot be accurately detected. According to the lead of the study published in the Journal of Breath Research, Professor Olof Beck, future studies can be refined to correlate the breath with actual concentrations of the drugs.

In this way, law enforcement could use the Breathalyzer preliminarily at the scene and then later confirm it by urine and blood tests. While this seems viable, a lot of regulations would be required – such as determining the levels of drugs that would be deemed “over the limit” according to the height, weight, history of use, developed tolerance and gender of the suspect. Prosecution and enforcement would be difficult as DWI and DUI defense attorneys would have a field day with the amount of indeterminate factors of what is “over the limit” for each substance. But considering and fine tuning this option in the future seems increasingly important as the Center for Disease Control reports that the aforementioned drugs are involved in roughly 18% of fatal car crashes.

Gun Violence at Denver’s 4/20 Rally

Posted on by Christy Weeks

Denver has had several 4/20 celebrations but last weekend was their first since the passing of Amendment 64 and was also the first celebration wrought by gun violence. Amendment 64 supporters say incidents like this could curtail marijuana legalization.

Speculations that the gun violence was associated with the legalization of marijuana, the volume of people that attended the celebration or a product of local gang violence have been made. The attendance figures far exceeded those of previous years and the rally was scheduled to be a two day rather than one day event. Because there were larger crowds expected the police presence was larger. Prior to the rally, Denver police spokesman Sonny Jackson asserted, “Our biggest goal is to ensure everyone is safe in this environment…We’ll have the necessary number of officers to ensure the safety of the public.”

Unfortunately the public wasn’t safe, as bullets were fired into the crowed causing upwards of 80,000 people to flee into nearby streets. Fortunately, only two people sustained non-life threatening gunshot wounds and one was grazed by a bullet. Denver police released descriptions of the gunmen but haven’t made any arrests yet but may have identified one of the suspects and there is growing speculation that this was a gang related incident.

Advocates for marijuana legalization say the gun violence and the nature of the festival could damage legalization efforts by portraying a tainted public image of marijuana users. The dialogue around the 4/20 celebration rally and those who attend it is about “getting high” or the excessive use of marijuana, alcohol and other drugs. It is a place to party and binge on substances which is why, according to Joe Megysey the spokesman for the Amendment 64 campaign says these events give marijuana users a negative public image: “The vast majority of legitimate industry condemns these events, but most people watching television coverage of the event will see instead images of a 30-year-old stoner… rambling about how great pot is.” Megysey also predicts that these types of rallies will lose their appeal, saying, “As we move toward normalizing marijuana and as legalization moves forward, these kinds of rallies will become a thing of the past.”

While the rallies seem to encourage and celebrate the excessive use of marijuana they also don’t help with drug prevention either. Young adults and youth that attend these festivals are exposed to behaviors that they may think are “cool” to model. There have been various studies linking early use of substances like marijuana with the development of substance abuse disorders later in life. In light of this, hopefully Megysey’s prediction is right that these types of rallies will lose their appeal and the public doesn’t have to worry as much about exposure to marijuana abuse – or gun violence.

A Sober Bar is Opening in Chicago

Posted on by Christy Weeks

In NYC there is a bar called The 13th Step where you can reportedly purchase drinks with AA sobriety chips. A bar opening at the end of April in Crystal Lake near Chicago is antithetical to The 13th Step, because it will support sobriety rather than mock it.

The Crystal Lake bar will be a sober bar, called The Other Side, started by a local non-profit group that will provide a healthy atmosphere for people both in and out of recovery who want a sober space to hang out in. For many people who don’t drink, there are few sober spaces to hang out and not participating in the societal norm of drinking can be isolating.

This is especially true for young people in recovery in the suburbs of Chicago or for those who are just out of addiction rehab and need a supportive atmosphere. The Other Side will give the suburban sober community a place to hang out and share experiences. Housed in a warehouse loft space filled with couches, pool tables, TVs, a dance floor, a stage area for a band and a DJ – the only real difference between The Other Side and regular bar is that the drinks don’t have alcohol in them. People will even be carded at the door to make sure they are at least 18 and sober.

The warehouse where The Other Side will open has been used by people in recovery as a hangout spot for some time. At first, it just had a few folding chairs and a boom box, but as the volume of people hanging out in the warehouse grew, so did the idea for The Other Side. The local community and those in recovery banded together and made The Other Side – opening April 27th – possible. The sober bar will be open Thursday through Sunday evenings and the profits will go toward drug education and addiction treatment initiatives.

Addiction Doesn’t Discriminate – Especially not Against Attorneys

Posted on by Christy Weeks
Addiction does not discriminate, it impacts professionals, students, the famous and the unemployed alike. That is why it came as no shock that Los Angeles criminal defense attorney was arrested last week on drug charges.

The lawyer, who is now suspended from practicing law, is 49-year-old Kenneth Roger Markman. He was first arrested in October of 2011 after a failed attempt at smuggling balloons of heroin and meth into a jail holding facility in downtown Los Angeles. He was reportedly trying to smuggle the drugs to a client who had a court appearance that day.

A month after that incident, Markman was at a courthouse in Lancaster, CA after security officers found drug paraphernalia and two small bags of cocaine in his wallet. Despite his attempt to grab his wallet and  leave the building, he was arrested.  Last week he faced sentencing for these incidences – to which he pleaded no contest. His sentencing includes one year in county jail and one year in a residential addiction treatment program as part of three years of supervised probation.

The State Bar of California has suspended Marksman’s license pending a decision on whether he will be allowed to continue to practice law. The fact that his license isn’t revoked all together is in part due to the high incidences of lawyers today being treated for alcoholism and addiction. The American Bar Association estimates 15% to 20% of lawyers suffer from substance abuse and chemical dependency.

Born out of the growing number of attorneys who need addiction treatment are programs and policies that help them regain their careers after getting sober. This has allowed those convicted, like Markman, have a second chance and has incentivized lawyers who need help to come forward without the gripping fear that they will ruin their careers. Similar programs exist for medical professionals and airline pilots – all of whom deserve a second chance at life and career once they get sober.

If you are an impaired professional and need addiction treatment, Harmony has specialized treatment programs that can help.

Opioid Abuse on the Rise in Colorado

Posted on by Christy Weeks

A recent survey from SAMHSA suggests that opioid abuse is on the rise in Western states including Colorado.

About 5 years ago, painkiller addiction reigned in Southern and Appalachian states. The abuse of opiates like OxyContin was well known as “hillbilly heroin” from the high percentage of southerners abusing it. But today states like Colorado, Oregon, Washington and Idaho have among the highest rates of opioid abuse.

For example, according to SAMHSA, as many as 6.5% of Oregon residents abuse opioids and deaths from overdoses climbed 172% between 2004 and 2011. Southern states like Kentucky have seen a reduction in painkiller abuse at 4.5% ranking it at 31 in 2011 compared to 6 in 2009. Many attribute this to policies that were enacted following statistics of opioid abuse. When the statistics were high in the South, there were several efforts made to curb abuse such as creating state task forces to crack down on prescribing privileges of physicians and the enforcement of harsher penalties for illegal possession and using false prescriptions.

The growing rate of opiate abuse in the West is attributed to a greater supply of prescription painkillers from drug trafficking rings and lenient prescribing rights for doctors who operate “pill mills” with limited restrictions. Recent articles have covered incidences of doctors in Nevada and Southern California who are recklessly prescribing large quantities of oxycodone.

The drugs are then transported to neighboring states like Colorado – a state that has seen its fair share of prescription drug overdoses and is working to curb them. For example, Colorado addiction treatment centers have stepped up their specialized programs for those addicted to opioids and the Colorado School of Public Health has created an online course to train prescribers statewide. The course gives healthcare providers guidelines on pain management. According to Alfred Gilchrist, the CEO of the Colorado Medical Society, “The goal of this private-public initiative is to help improve practice, address the epidemic of opioid prescription-associated health problems and improve care.” The course includes training on assessing risk for addiction, using the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) to stop those who engage in “doctor shopping” and other risk reduction practices.

If you or a loved one is struggling with opioid addiction and are seeking addiction treatment for painkillers, Harmony Colorado has affordable addiction treatment programs for men and women suffering from prescription addiction.